The Changing Contributions of Men and Women to the Level and Distribution of Family Income, 1968-88

In the past twenty years, the labor force participation and earnings of women, especially married women, have risen dramatically. Over the same period, men's earnings have increased only modestly, and the distribution of family income has grown less equa l. In this paper, the authors analyze the impact of changes in the level and distribution of earnings of men and women in the distribution of family income. They emphasize the contributions due to the increased work effort and real earnings of wives, as they account for a major portion of growth in family income over these two decades. Working wives have taken the place of economic growth as the factor that raises the standard of living of families across the entire income distribution.

The authors analyze Current Population Survey data for white, black and Hispanic families in 1968, 1978, and 1988. Their results show that the primary factor contributing to rising income inequality was the increased inequality in the distribution of hus bands' earnings. Wives' earnings both raised family income and lowered inequality.